Kashmir has long been a land of secularism and pluralistic traditions, producing remarkable women who have played pivotal roles in shaping its history. From Kota Rani, the last Hindu queen of Kashmir known for her administrative acumen, to Habba Khatoon, whose poetry continues to resonate with generations, the region has celebrated female intellect and leadership. Spiritual figures like Lalleswari (Lal Ded) and Rupa Bhawani have left an unforgettable impact on

The three Industrial Revolutions brought distinct learning and social changes to India, but their impact was shaped by colonial exploitation and, later, post-independence progress. The First and Second Industrial Revolutions occurred under British rule, leading to the decline of traditional artisanship and indigenous industries. The First IR turned India into a raw material supplier while dismantling its thriving textile and handicraft sectors, pushing a large population into agrarian distress. The

Infrastructure development is a key driver of economic growth, social mobility, and quality of life. Investments in transportation, housing, and public services enhance accessibility, reduce inequalities, and create economic opportunities in both urban and rural areas. Looking from a gender-sensitive lens, infrastructure development has both generic and specific implications, particularly for women, because of existing mobility constraints, safety concerns, and socio-cultural barriers.  In rural India, housing conditions, poor road connectivity,